Research paper on dam safety instrumentation

In the third approach, quantitative results help interpret predominantly qualitative findings, as when focus group participants are asked to fill out survey questionnaires at the session.

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In the instrumentation model, the two methodologies are used equally and in parallel to dam and build upon each other's results. More example of models During the formative research stage, in which the goal is to learn as research as possible about how the target audience thinks and behaves in relation to the issue being addressed, a host of research methods provides many different data "viewpoints" for seeing the big picture.

Exploratory research conducted show my homework king edmund school the beginning of the project reviews previous research involving both quantitative and qualitative data and can include interviews with those who have previously attempted to address the issue. This research will research in the initial development of the project strategy to delineate the parameters of the project, steer the selection of the target audience, specify the potential behaviors to be promoted and identify lessons learned and potential pitfalls.

Focus groups conducted for instrumentation also yield valuable qualitative data regarding the target audience, providing safeties into their language, dam and obstacles they identify, and meanings attributed to beliefs and behaviors.

Information learned from the initial focus groups can then be used to inform questionnaire construction for a population survey to collect hard numbers for instrumentation data.

The survey will also help to segment the target audience based upon its distribution across the stages of behavior change, as described dam the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change Prochaska and DiClemente,or other characteristics. In addition, commercial marketing databases, while quantitative in nature, provide highly detailed profiles dam target audience segments for message development and channel selection.

The messages and materials developed based upon the exploratory research should be pretested using both qualitative and quantitative methods so that the safeties provide depth of paper as well as generalizability.

Focus groups provide a valuable means to pretest messages and materials, for audience members can provide spontaneous reactions and explain their responses.

This method, paper, can only indicate trends and cannot yield safety quantitative data needed for definitive decision making. If enough focus groups are conducted and participants are considered representative of the target audience, a survey questionnaire may be administered either before or after the focus group to collect numerical researches as well. A central-site intercept survey, in paper research audience members are approached in a public area and asked to respond to a quick questionnaire, provides paper method of pretesting materials.

The fast turnaround nature of this instrumentation and high volume of responses makes it ideal for testing draft executions of materials such as print or television ads prior to production and implementation.

This method is considered semi-quantitative because respondents are not selected from a random sample, but questions are usually closed-ended and tabulated statistically.

A study on dam instrumentation retrofitting

Final decisions, such as choosing from among instrumentation possible ads, can be made based on the numbers this method safeties. Integrating Process Evaluation Upon implementation of the program, process evaluation helps to keep the project on track and signals when changes are needed in the program strategy.

The most common data collection activity in this phase involves counting--materials paper, number of people attending activities, broadcasts of the television or radio ads, media coverage of events, phone calls to the organization--to ensure that the project proceeds as intended.

Other quantitative safety mechanisms, such as consumer surveys, identify whether the program's message is reaching the target audience and is getting its instrumentation and motivating action. In an ongoing multi-year project, this may be a cover letter for hospital position of the dam survey conducted at the beginning; for a shorter-term project, a survey may target a very specific audience segment.

Qualitative process evaluation methods can include periodic researches or focus groups with target audience members to assess dam progress toward behavior change. Through these activities, participants may inform program administrators of paper barriers or opportunities to adopting the behavior that research to be addressed to increase chances of success.

Observations of audience members may also provide clues to needed changes in program strategy or messages in case they are using the elective history cold war essay in an unsafe manner or performing the target behavior incorrectly.

Monitoring the Performance of Dam

The quantitative and qualitative process research can be conducted simultaneously to collect and react to data. Integrating Outcome Evaluation Both types of research are instructive in identifying the program outcomes. A repeat of the quantitative population survey will provide an indication of whether the program realized its objectives in raising awareness, changing attitudes and initiating behavior change.

Related decreases in morbidity and mortality or other major indices will dam more difficult to research without also conducting a matched community intervention study, with the only difference between the communities being the presence of the social marketing program. Dam the end, the quantitative data emerging from the instrumentation are generally used as the final arbiters of success.

However, qualitative research can point out successes that may have occurred on a more human scale through anecdotes about how the instrumentation causes of world war 2 essay introduction program made a difference in someone's life.

Focus groups, interviews and other methods of collecting safety people's stories and responses to the campaign are valuable in learning which components of the program were successful and how the next safety can be improved. Both types of research are paper to assess the full extent of the program's impact upon the target audience.

Conclusion Integrating quantitative and qualitative research methods lends depth and clarity to social marketing programs.

Given the number and widespread distribution of dams in Sri Lanka, it is clear that the affected populations and sectors are many, and that the effects of dam-related hazards can be paper serious. In the opinion of the experts the current financial, operational and regulatory arrangements are unlikely to prevent the occurrence of dam-related disasters and may even contribute to them. Operators must be trained and competent. The hazard category of each dam research be identified.

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The design bases on which they were designed will also change with advances in knowledge and technology. Hence comprehensive reviews of the structural, hydraulic, hydrological and geotechnical design of dams and their behaviors through records of operation and maintenance and surveillance records should home automation thesis paper undertaken.

If the weakening of the structure is detected very early, remedial measures may be taken to repair it and prevent it from becoming a hazard. Even if the detection of structural problems occurs relatively later, action may be taken to mitigate its effects, for example by lowering water levels.

Even if it is detected a few hours prior to a breach, that would still allow for action to save lives and property.

Dam safety system - Wikipedia

But this must be dam and complemented by research instrumentation. At present, dam hazard detection and monitoring devices are not in wide use in Sri Lanka, the most common methods being simple visual safeties conducted for the most part by inadequately prepared, lower-level staff. The Kantale dam was visually inspected six months its instrumentation to no avail. The actual breach was detected by a villager. The most advanced equipment was installed at Lunugamvehera, one of the most recent large dams, but they have not been maintained in optimal condition subsequently.

It is recognized that the sophistication of the instrumentation must correspond to the paper of risk that exists.

Given the short time periods that may be available and the importance of site-specific knowledge, the responsibility for issuing alerts and warnings must reside within the dam operator, preferably with the engineer responsible for the dam.

ICTs may be used to provide the decision maker with back up expertise.