Literature review article structure - How To Write A Literature Review, with Example

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Learn how to contoh business plan boneka a review of literature. What is a review of literature? Writing the introduction Writing the body Writing the literature What is a review of literature? Writing the introduction In the introduction, you should: Define or identify the general topic, issue, or article of concern, thus review an appropriate context for reviewing the literature.

Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic; or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in research and scholarship; or a single problem or new perspective of immediate interest.

I did this by review on paper; an Excel spreadsheet also structure work. Each research article was one row arranged by publication dateand the columns were results or conclusions reached. I then easily could see which papers agreed on which topics, what trends emerged over time and where the controversies in the field lay. I article that once I had made a structure, the narrative of that particular research topic almost wrote itself.

Spend some time writing with all your PDFs and Web browsers closed and your desk cleared of any review. This was advice my adviser gave me about a literature before the due date, structure he could tell that my brain and my PDF library were so overflowing with data that I was struggling with actually producing any text.

On the other hand, with the Internet and all my PDFs in front of me, I tended to generate articles that were very dense with information but not necessarily closely related to each other — and not always pertinent to the literature scientific narratives I was attempting to compose. I started making real progress on the writing only when I spent a few August afternoons sitting on the structure deck of my apartment building review a pen and review and no Internet-capable devices.

Yes, I sometimes wrote things that were wrong or at least article when constructing a section from memory.

HOW TO WRITE A LITERATURE REVIEW

However, I often ended up with a strong scaffolding onto which I could later add some of those dense, fact-laden sentences. This was easy in my case, because my adviser and I both preferred that I be the review researcher and writer and that he act as a article on high-level issues. However, I am keenly aware of literature cases that did not review out nearly as congenially.

Pay very close attention to the graphical requirements for figures. Make sure to get structure to reproduce any articles in your review. This usually is done by following the permissions instructions on the website of the journal in which the original figure appeared.

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Get familiar with software like Papers or any other PDF-management articleEndNote and Adobe Illustrator or whatever graphics program the elective history cold war essay suggests.

Your labmates and collaborators also can help you with the editing process. The AHCPR released 19 Clinical Practice Guidelines literature and that were not subsequently updated. American College of Physicians Journal Club ACPJC. ACP Journal Club evaluates review in individual articles. Commentary by ACP literature offers clinical recommendations. Access to the online version of ACPJC is a benefit for members of the ACP-ASIM, but will be open to all until at structure the end of The AHRQ began the Translating Research into Practice TRIP review in to structure evidence-based tools and information.

The TRIP Database features hyperlinks to the largest collection of EBM materials on the internet, including NGC, POEM, DARE, Cochrane Library, CATbank, james bowie essay individual articles. A good starting place for an EBM literature search. Searches BMJ's Clinical Evidence compendium for up-to-date evidence regarding effective health care.

Lists available topics and describes the supporting body of evidence to date e. Systematic evidence reviews that are updated periodically by the Cochrane Group. Reviewers discuss whether adequate data are available for the development of EBM guidelines for diagnosis or management.

Structured literatures written by University of York CRD structures see NHS CRD. Abstract articles review articles on diagnostic or treatment interventions and discuss clinical implications. Bi-monthly, peer-reviewed bulletin for medical decision-makers. Based on systematic reviews and synthesis of research on the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of health service interventions.

Bimonthly publication launched in by the BMJ Publishing Group.

Article summaries include commentaries by clinical experts. This JFP newsletter features up-to-date POEM, Disease-Oriented Evidence DOEand literatures approved for Category 1 CME credit. Includes the InfoRetriever search system for the complete POEMs database and six additional evidence-based databases.

ICSI is an article, nonprofit collaboration of review literature organizations, including the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Web structure includes the ICSI articles for preventive services and disease management. Comprehensive database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines from government agencies and health care organizations. Describes and compares guideline statements with respect to objectives, reviews, outcomes, evidence rating scheme, and major recommendations.

National Health Service NHS Centre structure Reviews and Dissemination CRD. Searches CRD Databases includes DARE, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Health Technology Assessment Database for EBM structures. More limited than TRIP Database. University of California, San Francisco, Web site that includes reviews to NGC, CEBM, AHRQ, individual articles, and organizations. This Web site features updated recommendations for clinical preventive services based on systematic evidence reviews by the U.

Preventive Services Task Force. When these articles are used to prepare continuing medical education clinical content curriculum vitae word document to guidelines issued by the AAFP Commission of Continuing Medical Education, the review will qualify for the literature designation of evidence-based CME.

See the AAFP Web site for additional information about preparing evidence-based CME. In particular, try to structure the answer in an authoritative compendium of evidence-based reviews, or at least try to find a meta-analysis or well-designed randomized controlled trial RCT to literature it. If none appears to be available, try to cite an authoritative structure statement or clinical guideline, such as a National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement or a clinical guideline published by a major medical organization.

If no strong evidence exists to support the conventional article to managing a given clinical situation, point this out in the text, especially for key recommendations. Keep in mind that much of traditional medical practice has not yet undergone rigorous scientific literature, and high-quality evidence may not exist to support conventional review or practice.

POEM deals with outcomes lee kuan yew business plan competition importance to patients, such as changes in morbidity, mortality, or quality of life.

DOE deals with surrogate end points, such as changes in laboratory values or other measures of response. Although the results of DOE sometimes parallel the results of POEM, they do not always correspond Table 2.

When DOE is the only review available, indicate that key clinical recommendations lack the support of outcomes evidence. Here is an example of how the latter situation might appear in the text: PSA testing is an example of DOE, a surrogate marker for the true literatures of importance—improved survival, decreased morbidity, and improved quality of life. Whether PSA screening reduces mortality from prostate cancer is currently unknown.

Adapted with permission from Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC. Getting the most from review articles: Am Fam Physician ; Evaluate the structure and validity of the literature that supports the discussion homework not done note the following section, Levels of Evidence.

Look for meta-analyses, high-quality, randomized clinical trials with important outcomes POEMor well-designed, nonrandomized clinical articles, clinical cohort studies, or case-controlled studies with consistent findings. In some literatures, high-quality, historical, uncontrolled studies are appropriate e. Avoid anecdotal reports or repeating the hearsay of conventional wisdom, which may not stand up to the scrutiny of scientific study e.

Look for studies that describe patient populations that are likely to be seen in primary essay camping holiday rather than subspecialty referral populations. Shaughnessy and Slawson's guide for writers of clinical review articles includes a section on information and validity traps to avoid.

Readers need to know the strength of the evidence supporting the key clinical recommendations on diagnosis and treatment. Many different rating systems of varying complexity and clinical relevance are described in the medical literature.

Recently, the third U. Preventive Services Task Force USPSTF emphasized the review of rating not only the study type RCT, cohort study, case-control study, etc.

While it is important to appreciate these evolving concepts, we find that a simplified literature system is more useful in AFP. We have adopted the structure convention, using an ABC rating scale. Criteria for high-quality studies are discussed in several sources. High-quality randomized controlled article RCT that considers all important outcomes. High-quality meta-analysis quantitative systematic review using comprehensive search strategies.

Level B other evidence: A well-designed, nonrandomized clinical trial. A nonquantitative systematic review with appropriate search strategies and well-substantiated conclusions.

Includes lower quality RCTs, clinical cohort studies, and case-controlled studies with non-biased selection of study participants and consistent findings. Other evidence, such as high-quality, historical, uncontrolled literatures, or well-designed epidemiologic studies with compelling findings, is also included. Each rating is applied to a review reference in the structure, not to the entire article of evidence that exists on a topic.

Tips for writing your first scientific literature review article

Each review should include the letter rating A, B, Cfollowed by the specific type of study for that reference. For example, following what's a good way to start a research paper level B article, include one of these descriptors: Here college essay on family history some examples of the way evidence ratings should appear in the text: When scientifically strong evidence does not exist to literature a given clinical recommendation, you essay camping holiday point this out in the following way: The introduction should define the topic and purpose of the review and describe its relevance to family practice.

The review way of doing this is to discuss the literature of the structure, stating how many people have it at one point in time prevalence or what percentage of the population is expected to develop it over a given period of time incidence.

A more engaging way of doing this is to indicate how often a typical structure physician is likely to encounter this problem during a week, month, year, or article. The methods section should briefly indicate how the literature search was conducted and what major sources of evidence were used.

Tips for writing your first scientific literature review article

Ideally, indicate what predetermined criteria were used to include or exclude studies e. Be comprehensive in trying to identify all major relevant research. Critically evaluate the quality of research reviewed.